The Culture Of Japan And The Effects On Business Marketing Essay

The Culture Of Japan And The Effects On Business Marketing Essay Enclosed is the report about the culture of Japan and the effects of its culture on our business communications and sales materials. In this report, you will find information about what the Japanese finds important to them when conducting business. For this project, we have had the full cooperation of the team and it is as follows: Audrey Hughes: Introduction conclusion, section on gender roles, proof reading and APA documentation Chris Stover: Section on etiquette and work ethics, proof reading and APA documentation Justin Strayhorn: Section on dominant religious values, proof reading and APA documentation. Syamak Tabrizi: Report format , research on all topics, introduction and conclusion, proof reading and APA documentation Tia Taylor: Introduction conclusion, section on importance of color, proofreading and APA documentation. The Japanese are a proud culture with a history spanning thousands of years. Status is very important to them. Therefore, by extension etiquette is important. Japans culture is very different from the west. Decision making is a lot slower, because people tend to seek approval from everyone in the group, especially the elders (Ghimire, 2006). Japan is a high context culture, meaning less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information, and more internalized understandings of what is communicated. Our company needs to be indirect since more is implied than said. In Japan, business cards are of great importance. Great deal of care should be given when handling these cards. We cannot write on them, or put them in a pocket or wallet, since either of these actions will be viewed as defacing it. Furthermore, business cannot begin until business cards are exchanged. In addition, Japanese do not like use the word no, realizing this is very important when dealing in negotiations with them. In Japan, whether doing business or at a social gathering individuals greet one another with bowing. Not following this rule is considered rude in Japanese culture, thus whenever cash is exchanged at a business it is placed onto a small tray. Our company needs to understand they way they communicate. In order to be successful we need to train employees how to communicate or business deal will fail. Communication with customers is of great importance, because no business is successful without repeat customers, and good reputation. Communication is very important to Japanese. The Japanese have traditional gender roles, similar to those of the U.S., with men being the breadwinners, and women being homemakers. In addition, childcare is regarded as the mothers responsibility, thus, full-time working wives have are also responsible for housekeeping and childcare without help. The traditional gender roles-men as breadwinners and women as homemakers-are supported by 40 to 50 percent of people (NHK 1994; Ministry of Public Management 1995). Gender roles dont affect business a great deal However, reach the right demographic certain specialty items needs to be advertised correctly. For example, items used for childcare and homemaking need to be geared towards the mom. The use of color in the market place can be overlooked. In Japan color is crucial to the success of a product, advertisement or proposal. Color is used to express emotion and symbolizes different things in different cultures. In Japan, red represents a state of being; yellow is used to show courage; green is for the future or positive energy; pink means dedication, and black symbolizes age, experience or nobility. However, the combination of two colors may change the meaning all together. For example, red and white combined represent a celebration. In Japan great weight is attached to seasons. (Hall, 2000, p.41) Thus, a great marketing technique would be to change the color of web pages, flyers and other print to match the season. Furthermore, the use of colors on billboards and store signage is of importance. Garish signage that is visible and eye catching from a distance is becoming the norm (Hall, 2000, p.41) Not only is color important in advertisement, but product packaging can also be a factor in the success of the product in Japan. Therefore, our company needs to pay close attention to our color choices, and tailor our sales campaign to the color scheme that will be appropriate to the season of the Japanese culture. Japan is the worlds second largest advertising market due to its 127 million people. Japan is the worlds second largest advertising market, only second to the United States (Gohil, 2006). Japan advertising uses mass media, transit, cinema, postcards, online, cell phones, billboards and more. Foreign companies have difficulties when advertising their products and services in Japan, because Japanese advertising is different than the traditional sense. Japanese television advertising is dominated by 15-second spots; therefore long narrative stories are not used. In addition, many times the commercials will leave the viewer hanging on the punch-line (Gohil, 2006). Basically, the Japanese rely on the presentation over message. Since advertising is so different than west and most fail, the logical choice would be to use a local advertising firm. Sales Structure Recommendations Our sales force should focus capturing the audiences attention with an entertaining appealing ad that does not focus completely on message. It should appeal more to their curiosity where they will want to seek out our companys product rather that needing us to court them more than is needed. We should appeal to their culture and social structure. In addition, the message should use the indirect approach. Understanding all aspects of the Japanese market is vital to our success in this country. We must understand the market place and what will appeal to this market and its consumers. We need to appeal to Japanese etiquettes. Therefore, all out-of-country employees need to be trained in Japanese etiquette. As employees of the Kelly Agency we are both excited and optimistic for our expansion into the Japanese business market. As listed above we have researched many aspects of the Japanese culture we feel will make the transition a positive experience for all parties involved. We welcome the opportunity to interact and practice these new cultural techniques as we move into this anticipated partnership.

An Interpretation of John Keats’ To Autumn Essay

Introduction Poems by John Keats are a source of inspiration. He plays with his readers and takes them to places and times with his words. What inspiration does Keats bring? He inspire his readers to go beyond his words and discover a new world he creates. He makes his words so colorful and alive it is almost musical to the ear. When one reads Keats, he wonders what’s in his heart when he wrote his particular poem and makes him want to be in Keats world and senses. In this particular review, I tried to see Keats world of autumn from afar. A world detached, to objectively examine and look at autumn as Keats paints it with his words. I also wanted to get a perspective of Keat’s style with words, of how he uses them as a vehicle for others to journey to his world. In this same review, I tried to experience the world that Keats created and feel both the experience of his symbols and my comprehension of what he symbolizes autumn to be. The formal and thematic aspect of the poem will be commented on but this interpretation will be candid as I believe Keats wanted his poem read. 1 2 Throughout the three stanzas of the poem, Keats has maintained the ten syllable measure of each line, although, the foot measure of syllable stressed is a little slacked. As in the lines, â€Å"Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store? Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find† and some more. Reading aloud the verse, Drows’d with the fume of poppies, while thy hook spares the next swath and all its twined flowers: I could not quite place the stress of the syllables to create a rhythmic sound. I call it literary license, Keats permit his reader to make a decision and choose the way to vocalize his poem. The first stanza is vibrant and tells us of bounty. It is a direct contradiction of autumn or fall as the season is the time when trees begin to bare its leaves and fruits are scarce. But in this poem, Keats describes autumn as the climax of summer, †Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;† mist and mellow here are used as a welcoming scenario to a world filled with life and produce. The last word of the first line fruitfulness rhyming with bless on the third line and sustaining the rhythmic scale throughout the stanza gives a musical air as one reads the poem aloud. The stanza tells us also of a promise of continuity. â€Å"To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells with a sweet kernel; to set budding more, and still more, later flowers for the bees,† true to the rhythm of his verses, Keats described autumn as a time when seeds are planted for life to continue. It tells as of a beginning of a season, fresh and ready for a new experience in a manner where the season before it, which is summer, in the festivities of plenty and not as a dying season ready to be forgotten and left behind. Autumn in Keats† dedication receives Summer’s gift of plenty, it began as a climax of summer and therefore, promise to be a season 3 of new discoveries and not as bleak as shedding away the leaves of trees to forgetfulness. In the second stanza, the word flowers does not rhyme with any other words at the end of each line. I need to read the poem aloud and discover a rhythm for it to make the poem alive, it gets into a perfect rhyme with the word â€Å"spares’ if that’s where I put the measure at the end of the first line, thus, â€Å" Drows’d with the fume of poppies, while thy hook Spares / the next swath and all its twined flowers.† The same with the last two lines of the second stanza, â€Å"Or by a cyder-press, with patient look, Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours,† by simply repeating the word, the seemingly ignored rhyme is captured. This is my personal preference of setting the rhythmic pattern of vocalizing the poem, although, the rhyme pattern of the three stanzas comes out to be ababacacaaa, ababcdecdde, and ababcdecdde, in this particular order. It can be observed that the first stanza follows an independent rhyme pattern from the other two stanzas. Keats may have done it intentionally to stress the change of tone of the second stanza that is presented as a question. Why could Keats have done this? As I get absorbed in the autumn scenario of the first stanza, feeling the cool air and seeing laden apple trees bend, the mossed cottage, the vines and more, feeling the climax of summer shared into the start of autumn, and as I get lost to the world that Keats painted with his words, somebody shoots a question like, †Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?† and I was reminded that I am not alone. It was not even a question in the sense that Keats emphasized the beauty of the season being one that cannot be ignored. If he likened autumn as a stage of life’s journey and we choose the paths that we travel on, in the roads we took as we travel in this world, we met people to keep us company, 4 sometimes partway, the greatest thing maybe is to find beauty in life that keeps us company all through the journey. Reading the second stanza brings another question to my mind. What do I really seek for in this life? Why does Keats made me ask this when he wrote, â€Å"Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,† What Keats said in this line is that there are people who sought for things in this life away from where they really are and in fact, what they are seeking for is just within reach. Very clearly he meant happiness, he meant beauty of living, the beauty of living in the here and now. Keats wanted to tell his readers that we need not wait for what we can achieve in the future to experience the joy of being alive. We need only to be aware of the blessings we could find in the present to feel that joy that we seek for in our journey. The third stanza is a validation of the second stanza both in form and interpretation. I noticed that both have the same rhyme pattern and both starts with a question. It tells us of men looking out for joy too far out as in spring in autumn failing to notice that joy is just within reach. â€Å":Where are the songs of spring? Ay, where are they?†, Keats wanted us to know that in this life’s journey, happiness is not about the things we reap in the future but of finding happiness in every endeavor that we do without waiting for whatever fruits or rewards we earned as a result of our works. He tells us that like spring or summer or winter, autumn carries within itself its own music like the wailful choir of small gnats, the loud bleats of full-grown lambs, the songs of crickets, the whistles from garden croft, the twitter of the swallows. Keats wanted his readers to discover them. The choice of the word â€Å"wailful†, the reader can almost hear the liquid fall of tears of the gnats† mournful music. Sad, yet in Keats world of words 5 they represented life’s emotions that eventually gives meaning to everyone’s existence. He pictures autumn’s soft dying day with rosy hue and not with the bleak grey or the dying blackness of the welcoming dark, but of shades of the rose, full of life, full of promise, perhaps of another day ahead, a goodnights sleep, a beautiful dream, a walk in the moon? Or whatever the good life brings in the third part of man’ life. The poem is not necessarily strict with the academic form of the poem although as much as possible Keats wanted to adhere to the scholarly it dictates. In this form, the poem creates a character of free spirit and that refused to be tamed. The three stanzas o f the poem expresses a discipline. It follows a form respecting rhyme, measure, rhythm, color, and all the constituents of this form of literature. Yet, it does hesitate to lay away the conventional to express the soul of his expression as Keats diversion from the rhyming pattern to the rhyming pattern he followed on the second and third stanza. The syllabic measure of the words spares and flowers are left to the decision of the reader, making the reader an active participant to the interpretation of the poem. The three parts of the poem suggest the three stages of man’s life at a point of view, being at birth and early life, maturity and finally at the golden old age of man. But Keats only suggest, because all three speaks of seeking the joy of finding the beauty that life brings. The poem itself, as a form, is music to the ears. His play of rhythm, rhyme, and choice of words, in the context of emotionally attaching the self during its vocalization is like listening to the music of nature. The poem vividly expressed the colors of autumn using nature’s characters as in â€Å"rosy hue†. It does not boast with lengthy lines, numerous stanzas, academic words to express the simplicity of enjoying life, in life’s term. 6 Conclusion The poem â€Å"To Autumn† is a metaphor. Keats represented the season as man’s objects of his endeavors. In the same manner, the times of the seasons’ days represented man’s three stages in life. Why has Keats chosen autumn to represent ingredients of life’s journey? Maybe because of the colors it creates as the season journeys towards another. Maybe because autumn carries with itself the fruitful harvest of summer and links itself to the preparation winter does for a new life in spring. All these are speculations, and these speculations made me look into my life and my attitudes towards life as a journey. A lot of interpretations had considered â€Å"To Autumn† as one of the greatest odes that Keats had written. â€Å"Written in September of 1819, this piece is regarded as his most achieved ode.† 1. If all forms of writing, in different degrees of exertions aims to manipulate the reader’s mind to a certain mode of thoughtfulness, then Keats’ has manipulated mine into a romantic mode of communing with nature as a tool of reflection. He has vividly painted a picture of a season with words so successfully so that its form takes life and invited its readers to experience the joys of the season. It invited everyone to forget about worrying so much about future and take the joys of life in the here and now. 1 Analysis of Keats’ Poem To Autumn Essay. http://exampleesays.com/viewpaper/?wid=1795

Planning Marketing and Branding in Cleveland Clinic and CVS Minute Clinic Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Cleveland Clinic (CC) is a nonprofit organization, which was founded in 1921 during a period when the medical care was taking place in a doctor s offices, in fact, the founders served as surgeons in the First World War (MIT Students, 2010). The hospital was established when the founders realized that they would work together in order to offer integrated, multispecialty health care services. The group practice model has prevailed until now when it is in a major form of American health care service delivery. Moreover, the hospital has endured, blossomed in a country with the largest health care centers, and it has managed to attain twenty-seven health care centers and community health centers and three affiliated hospitals. The effort differentiation by the hospital has focused on multidisciplinary, patient-centric care, whereby the hospital care units have rotational and linear care. They also employ team-based care structures comprising of a Care team and Specialty Center. The hospi tal has also focused on providing a layer of services that surpasses the basic care since the patients are centric culture. In addition, the hospital continues to expand its services by providing and pursuing innovative and quality improvements in order to differentiate itself from competitors. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning Marketing and Branding in Cleveland Clinic and CVS Minute Clinic or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In this case, the organizational culture and system entreat staff to offer a service that surpasses customer expectations through continuous improvement of care.

Interest Rate Is The Percentage Of A Loan That Must Be...

An interest rate is the percentage of a loan that must be paid on top of whatever the loan was. For instance, if you borrowed four thousand dollars from the bank and they said that you have a 5% interest rate, this means that you will have to pay a total of four thousand, two hundred dollars. Interest rates on credits and securities give a fundamental synopsis of their attractiveness to banks. The premium rates in assigning supports crosswise over budgetary markets is very much alike to the costs in allotting assets in business sectors for merchandise and administrations. Pretty much as a generally high cost of particular interest rate has a tendency to draw physical assets into its creation. A moderately high interest rate on a specific kind of security has a tendency to draw reserves into the exercises that sort of security is issued to fund. Furthermore, generally as recognizing the elements that help focus costs is a key zone of request among financial experts who study products markets. Distinguishing the variables that help focus premium rates is a key territory of request for the individuals who study money related markets. Financial hypothesis proposes that one vital element clarifying the distinctions in the interest rates on deferment securities may be contrasts in their terms—that is, in the timeframes before they develop. The relationship between the terms of securities and their business sector rates of interest is known as the term structure of interest rates.Show MoreRelatedThe Foreclosure Crisis Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pageslarge number of jobs. The solution to the foreclosure problem is to restore solvency to the market, which must be done in both the short and long-term. 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Literature and Virtue in Sidneys Apology for Poetry Essay

Literature and Virtue in Sidneys Apology for Poetry In An Apology for Poetry Sir Philip Sidney attempts to reassert the fundamental importance of literature to society in general as well as to other creative and intellectual endeavors. Though Sidneys work does provide a synthesis (and in some cases an aberration) of much Greek and Roman literary theory, his argument aspires to go beyond an esoteric academic debate. Literature can teach and delight in a manner which other methods of communication do not possess (138). The moral/ethical impact any literary text has upon a reader is of paramount importance to Sidney. The argument Sidney presents and develops is built around the assumption that literature has the capacity†¦show more content†¦Where philosophy deals solely with the universal, history is consumed with the particular. Literature is able to deal with the same abstract moral/ethical (universal) concepts with which philosophy grapples by providing examples rooted in concrete, albeit fictionalized, details. History is too concerned with the accurate recording of facts to make any conjectures on such broad, less substantiated concepts. Literature exists between and above history and philosophy because the knowledge it conveys (knowledge of the good) is the best and most useful knowledge that exists. As Sidney states, no learning is so good as that which teacheth and moveth to virtue, and that none can both teach and move thereto so much as poetry (149). Sidney attempts to provide an utterly rational foundation for his claims, however. He develops a systematic analysis of the mechanisms employed by literature to teach virtue. He sorts literature according to its works and its parts. The works of a literary text can be seen in four specific ethical effects which it should seek to elicit in a reader. Sidney defines these four as: the purifying of wit, enriching of memory, enabling of judgement, and enlarging of conceit (139). In order to purify theShow MoreRelated Apology for Poetry Essay1900 Words   |  8 PagesAn â€Å"Apology for Poetry† is a compelling essay refuting the attack on poetry by Puritan and fundamentalist Stephen Gosson. This complex article written by Sir Phillip Sidney represents the decisive rebuttal defending poetry. His strong emotive passages defend the uncongenial comments of poetry from Gosson. Although, his justification for the rebuttal is alluded to Gosson’s durable attacks on poetry; it is known Gosson’s remarks prompt Sidney’s attitude to defend not only against Gosson but as wellRead MoreThe Defense of Poetry and An Apology for Poetry2888 Words   |  11 Pageslater, Sidney’s essay, known as both The Defense of Poetry and An Apology For Poetry, stands as one of the most enduring writings on the merits of poetry and was highly influential upon the views of the period. Written, partially as a response to Stephen Gosson’s ‘Schoo l of Abuse’ and wider challenges to poetry, such as those of Plato. COULD SAY MORE SPECIFICALLY WHAT CHALLENGES HE IS RESPONDING TO HERE The essay operates under the central premise that the highest function of literature is toRead MoreAn Apology for Poetry by Sir Philip Sidney2943 Words   |  12 PagesRichard L. W. Clarke LITS2002 Notes 01 1 SIR PHILIP SIDNEY, AN APOLOGY FOR POETRY (1595) Sidney, Sir Philip. â€Å"An Apology for Poetry.† Critical Theory Since Plato. Ed. Hazard Adam s. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1971. 143-162. Sidney’s argum ent is divided into several sections and subsections. In order to m ake sense of this im m ensely long but im portant essay, you should read those sections m arked by an asterisk (*) below and in the order given: 1. From â€Å"Now then we go to the m ostRead MoreSidney Defends The Worth Of Poetry2624 Words   |  11 PagesSidney defends the worth of poetry by presenting us with a long defense written to William Ponsonby, a very popular publisher of the Elizabethan era. Sidney breaks his argument down into eight sections, each one arguing another point as to why poetry is worthy and should not be thought of as sub-par literature. His arguments are thorough, leaving no gaps between thoughts, and very persuasive in both content and style. I believe his argument is both successful and thorough, covering everything thatRead MoreSir Philip Sidney and an Analysis of Six of his Poems Essay4370 Words   |  18 PagesQueen was not as confident in his reply as in the re plies from other representatives. Philip continued in politics and entertained foreign visitors and diplomats. Philip was quite intelligent, and was able to discuss chemistry, science, art, literature, poetry, law, religion, history, politics and military with ease. In 1579 Sir Philip Sidney composed a letter to Queen Elizabeth, opposing her marriage to the Duke of Anjou. The Queen was said to have shed tears upon the reading of this letter, however

Pressure Free Essays

Pressure Definition of Pressure Fluid pressure: Force per unit area exerted by a fluid in a solid wall. Force acts perpendicularly to the surface in contacts. Fluid is a co u d s common word for gas a d/o liquid. We will write a custom essay sample on Pressure or any similar topic only for you Order Now o od o and/or qu d Pressure is a scalar quantity. It has the units of: N/m2 or Pa (or kPa) in SI system of units psi in Imperial system of units Pressure can also be expressed in terms of height of a column of liquid List of units of pressure measurements conversion of units Pascal s Pascal’s law Scalar quantity Units of Pressure SM(2) Pressure Pressure measurements Absolute pressure Gauge Pressure †¦ divided into three different categories: 1. Absolute pressure – which is defined as the absolute value o pressure (force-per-unit-area) ac g o of p essu e ( o ce pe u a ea) acting on a surface by a fluid. su ace ud Abs. pressure = pressure at a local point of the surface due to fluid – absolute zero of pressure (see page 63 of lecture notes) 2. Gauge pressure – difference between abs. pressure and atmospheric pressure – is always positive 101. 325 kPa or 14. 7 psi Equations Pressure term relationships a –ve gauge pressure is vacuum ve vacuum. Pressure term relationships †¢ Abs pressure = gauge pressure + atm pressure Abs. †¢ Abs. pressure = – gauge pressure + atm pressure (vacuum) gt; atm lt; atm SM(3) Pressure Pressure measurements Relation between abs. , gauge and vacuum Absolute pressure Gauge Pressure gauge Equations gauge) Pressure t erm relationships SM(4) Pressure Pressure term relationships Hydrostatic pressure 3. Differential pressure – measurement of an unknown pressure minus the reference to a o e u e e e ce o another unknown p essu e o pressure. – it is used to measure differential pressure i. . pressure drop (? P) in a fluid system SM(5) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systems Two types of fluid systems: 1. Static system – in which fluid is at rest Fluid pressures Pressure measured i thi system i called static pressure P d in this t is ll d t ti Static pressure system s stem ‘’The pressure at a given depth in a static liquid is The due to its own weight acting on unit area at that depth plus external pressure acting on the surface o the qu d of t e liquid’’ Gauge pressure = ? gh – which i d hi h is dependent j t only on fl id d d t just l fluid density ( ) it (? and distance between below the surface of the liquid h. External pressure – is generally the atmospheric pressure SM(6) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systems Fluid pressures Example: A hydraulic pump used to lift a car: when a small force f is applied to a small area a of a movable piston it creates a pressure P = f/a. This pressure is transmitted to and acts on a larger movable piston of area A which is then used to lift a car. Static pressure p Lesson: Pressure along the horizontal line always remains the same for uniform singly fluid SM(7) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systems Fluid pressures Example: If the height of the fluid’s surface above the bottom of the five fluid s vessels is the same, in which vessel is the pressure of the fluid on the bottom of the vessel the greatest ? The amount of liquid in each vessel is not necessarily the same. y Answer: The pressure P is the same on the bottom of each vessel. Gauge pressure =F Force/Area /A = ? (hA)g/A = ? gh ‘’For gases: the pressure increase in the fluid due to increase in height is negligible because the density (thus, weight) of the fluid is relatively much smaller compared to the pressure being applied to the system’’. In other words, p = ? gh shows pressure is independent of the fact that the wt. of liquid in each vessel is different. This situation is referred to SM(8) as HYDROSTATIC PARADOX. Static pressure p Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Pressure term relationships Two types of fluid systems: 2. Dynamic pressure system Dynamic pressure system – more complex and diffi lt t measure l d difficult to – pressure measured in this system is called dynamic pressure – three terms are defined here 1. static pressure, 2. dynamic p p y pressure 3. total pressure SM(9) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Dynamic pressure system Pitot tube Total pressure/Stagn p g ation press. Steady-state dynamic systems – Static pressure can be measured accurately by tapping into the fluid s ea (po A) e u d stream (point ) – total pressure (or stagnation pressure) can be measured by inserting Pitot tube into the fluid stream (point B) –;gt; total pressure (or stagnation pressure) = static pressure+ dynamic pressure SM(10) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Dynamic pressure system Pitot tube Total pressure/Stagn p g ation press. SM(11) Problems 1. The diameters of ram and plunger of an hydraulic press are 200 mm and 30 mm, respectively. Find the weight by the hydraulic press when the force applied at the plunger is 400 N. Solution: Diameter of the ram, D = 200 mm = 0. 2 m Dia. of plunger, d = 30 mm = 0. 03 m p g , Force on the plunger, F = 400 N Load lifted, W: Area of ram, A = (pi/4)*D2 = 0. 0314 m2 Since the intensity of pressure will be Area of plunger, equally transmitted (due to Pascal’s Pascal s 4 a= ( i/4)*d2 = 7 068 * 10-4 m2 (pi/4)*d 7. 068 law), therefore the intensity of Intensity of pressure due to plunger, pressure at the ram is also = p = 5. 66 * 10-5 N/m2 p = F/a = 400 / 7. 068 * 10-4 But the intensity of pressure at the = 5. 6 * 105 N/m2 ram = Weight /Area of ram = W/A = Therefore, W/0. 0314 = 5. 66 * 10-5 W/0. 0314 or W = 17. 77 * 103 N = 17. 77 kN SM(12) Problems 2. For the hydraulic jack shown here find the load lifted by the large piston when a force of 400 N is applied on the small piston. Assume the specific weight of th li id i th j k i 9810 N/ 3. i ht f the liquid in the jack is N/m So lution: Diameter of small piston, d = 30 mm = 0. 03 m Area of small piston, piston a= (pi/4)*d2 = 7. 068 * 10-4 m2 Pressure intensity transmitted to the Diameter of large piston, D = 0. 1 m large piston, 5. 89 * 105 N/m2 Force on the large piston = Pressure intensity * area of large piston 5. 689 * 105 * 7. 854 * 10-3 = 4468 N Area of large piston, A = (pi/4)*D2 = 7. 854 * 10-3 m2 Force on small piston, F = 400 N F ll i t Hence, load lifted by the large piston = 4468 N Load lifted, W: Pressure intensity on small piston, p = F/a = 400 / 7. 068 * 10-4 = 5. 66 * 105 N/m2 Pressure at section LL LL, pLL = F/a + pressure intensity due to height of 300 mm of liquid = F/a + ? gh = 5. 66 * 105 + 9810 * 300/1000 = 5. 689 * 105 N/m2 SM(13) Problems 3. A cylinder of 0. 25 mm dia. and 1. m height is fixed centrally on the top of a large cylinder of 0. 9 m dia. and 0 8 m h i ht B th th cylinders d 0. 8 height. Both the li d are filled with water. Calculate (i) Total pressure at the bottom of the bigger cylinder and cylinder, (ii) Wt. of total vol. of water What is the HYDROSTATIC From the calculations it may b e observed that PARADOX between the two results? the total pressure force at the bottom of the cylinder is greater than the wt. of total volume Solution: Area at the bottom, of water contained in the cylinders. A = (pi/4)*0. 92 = 0. 6362 m2 (p ) This is hydrostatic paradox paradox. Intensity of pressure at the bottom p = rgh = 19620 N/m2 Wt. of total vol. of water contained Total pressure force at the bottom in the cylinders, y P = p*A = 19620 * 0. 6362 = W = rgh * volume of water 12482 N = 9810 ((pi/4)*0. 92 *0. 8 *(pi/4) *0. 252*1. 4) SM(14) = 5571 N References †¢Transport Phenomena by Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot †¢Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic machines by R K Rajput R. K. †¢http://www. freescale. com/files/sensors/doc/app_note/AN1573. pdf (18 F 10) †¢http://www. ac. wwu. edu/~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Pressure/Hydro Static. html (18 F 10) SM(15) How to cite Pressure, Papers

Spatial Imagery in Borges free essay sample

â€Å"Reality is not always probable, or likely† (Borges), this quote from Jorge Luis Borges, a perfect example of what makes Collected Fictions mysterious and entertaining to read. His readings are not superficial, and must be taken by critical thought and completely different modes of thinking. Borges’ stories use many techniques to express his messages. In select fictions, the idea of geometry, which is simple and exact, is used to convey themes of infinity and perceiving reality, which are hardly exact at all. Whether Borges uses hexagons to explain a concept of infinity and God, or rhombi and labyrinths to prove an order to chaos, these fictions let the reader explore his perplexing and ambiguous philosophy through ideas of spatial imagery. The story Death and the Compass deals with spatial imagery in two ways, one being with geometric rhombi, and the other is the reader’s idea of labyrinths. A rhombus is used in this story to specifically draw the main character strait to the criminal. Borges mentions the rhombus for the purpose of simplifying the story into something that makes sense; the crimes of the story fit into a perfect, known shape. â€Å"I knew you would add the missing point, the point that makes a perfect rhombus, the point that fixes the place where a precise death awaits you† (p. 156). The end of the story proves that the simple idea is not that simple at all, it all represents how this logical order of crimes brings the protagonist to a chaotic sense of himself because of the elaborate scheme that brings him to his own demise, which becomes part of the order. The other way Death and the Compass deals with spatial imagery is the way Borges lets the reader picture what a labyrinth should look like. Labyrinths are a recurring theme in a lot of Borges’ works, but in this particular story the villain sets up a labyrinth inside the main character’s head to set him up. â€Å"†The next time I kill you,† Scharlach replied, â€Å"I promise you the labyrinth that consists of a single straight line that is invisible and endless†Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 56). This I see as spatial imagery because the reader has to decide what kind of labyrinth the protagonist is caught in, the picture is unclear. This quote suggests that there are many realities, and Borges may mean that every individual is caught in a labyrinth of perception that they cannot escape from. What one may seem as a truth may not be even close to what is real. Borges does not just use this concept in Death and the Compass, but in many of his works. The Library of Babel is another piece of well-constructed art using visual metaphors bound with ideas of infinity, God, and unachievable realities. To describe the universe, Borges sets a picture of hexagons attached to more hexagons that make up a library and that continue forever. â€Å"I declare that the Library is endless. Idealists argue that the hexagonal rooms are the necessary shape of absolute space, or at least of our perception of space† (p. 112-113). This quote suggests that Borges believes the universe is infinite, but in a very concrete way. He uses a very unique technique in allowing an unimaginable theme of infinity is described in the very real idea or a hexagon, a finite thing. A hexagon is only a hexagon if it follows certain rules, but infinity has no rules. The hexagons are the order of the universe; it is not just open space, which means there must be a builder of the hexagons. So does this mean Borges believes in a creator, or God in his own philosophy? â€Å"Mystics claim that their ecstasies reveal to them a circular chamber containing an enormous circular book with a continuous spine that goes completely around the walls. But their testimony is suspect, their words obscure. That cyclical book is God. † (p. 113) In this quote, Borges reinforces the idea of a creator as God. It seems that this creator is the master book in the giant library of books that holds everything in. The books that are held in the hexagons of life also point to an interesting idea, â€Å"the Library is â€Å"total†-perfect, complete, and whole- and that its bookshelves contain all possible combinations of twenty-two orthographic symbols† (p. 15), Borges mentions these books because although every combination possible is presented, even if unconceivable to human thought, is still only a finite number. This is an absolute contradiction of the idea of infinite hexagons with books in them. Still another problem arisen by this quotation is that there seems to be no evidence of a creator if every single book in the library is of all possibilities, but these messages expressed in these books have to be endless. Man searching for his purpose in the universe, then is meaningless, and this argument is all because of spatial imagery Borges uses with hexagons. Borges is a mastermind at manipulating the reader’s thoughts into traveling in many directions on the roller coaster of imagination. In Death and the Compass the story leads the reader in a logical direction with spatial imagery and explains alternate reality through labyrinths, and hexagons represent the idea of an infinite universe with the ambiguous existence of a creator in Library of Babel. The technique of spatial imagery can be endless and the messages that are found can be argued and lead to more questions than answers, but the next time I write this essay, all the answers will be revealed to you.